Operation management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Operation management - Assignment Example Top among the priorities remains the element of competition from existing hotels within the region. The organisation must ensure the competition aspect of the business becomes effectively addressed for successful entry into the market. This research seeks to undertake an analysis of the existing competition within the market, and enable the organisation to make informed decision about commencing with the project. This will involve conducting internet based research to establish the market situation within the target region. Competition among organisations can be conducted through different approaches, including the adoption of effective operations strategies. The development of an effective operations strategy involves undertaking research to understand the components and measures of efficacy in operations (Lewis et al. 2010). Efficiency of operations remains a fundamental component of cost-cutting which ensure organisations increase their profitability. Before the development of these strategies however, numerous conditions must become satisfied to ensure the strategies function effectively, within a competitive market (Brown et al. 2013). Operating efficiency remains a fundamental indicator of the operations capability within an organisation. Analysing the operating efficiency of competitors can enable an organisation to adopt better operation initiatives and improve the processes, for increased profitability. Within any market, competition remains an ever present element when conducting business. Successful entry into a market involves conducting an analysis of the existing competition in order to develop competition strategies, which will ensure successful market entry. As a new entrant, the market dynamics utilised in enhancing competitiveness within the market become essential features, which organisations can utilise to compete effectively. Undertaking a competition review enables a new entrant to understand

The Economic Way of Thinking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Economic Way of Thinking - Essay Example This paper outlines the growing importance of applying economic way of thinking in today`s world. Thinking economically provides a perspective on social transactions and human decisions. It can be summarized as the perspective that egresses from the supposition that all kinds of social processes consequence from interactions amongst the selections made by individuals after estimating the anticipated costs and benefits their choices inherent. Economics maintains that individuals make selections on the basis of their perceptions of what could be beneficial to them. The instruments of economic thinking assist individuals in understanding what determines the perceptions of alternatives faced by individuals. Economics relates with human actions, the way they respond to situations and the way the actions of different individuals are aligned in society. Economic thinking is ubiquitously suitable and always practicable; it can be employed by any culture or age group, in any context or situation. The perceptivity it furnishes is powerful and can assist even very juvenile students add up of the sometimes bewildering world. The instruments of economic thinking assist individuals in understanding what determines the perceptions of alternatives faced by individuals The centrality of apprehending human behavior resides in discovering incentives. There are a number of principles that can be considered as fundamental to economic thinking and can help in understanding the way humans behave, public policy matters and markets. Moreover, prices and markets coordinate with each other in influencing the human behavior. Discussion Thinking economically provides a perspective on social transactions and human decisions. It can be summarized as the perspective that egresses from the supposition that all kinds of social processes consequence from interactions amongst the selections made by individuals after estimating the anticipated costs and benefits their choices inherent. This view is particularly useful when applied to explain the functioning of predominately neutral network of dealings that are referred as simply economy or the market system. Economics basically deals with the reality of scarcity that makes individuals to pick amongst various alternatives since there is a competition over scarce resources amongst individuals as the services and goods are desired in much greater quantity than they are available in the nature (Slesinger, Gilbertie & Tarullo, 1993). Being human, people desire for services and g oods is virtually limitless. But this unlimited desire cannot be furnished, due to the presence of constraints that restricts our ability to fulfill our wants. Scarcity is said to be there whenever the resource or good desired is available in lesser amounts in nature than the amounts required or desired by people. However, there exist few resources that are not scarce like sea water as it is less required than its availability but everything else is less than what is required by people even the time is scarce too. Economically a good may be considered as scarce even if it has been produced in greater quantities as long as it is not provided by nature in quantities required by all individuals. Such as automobiles and apples that can be seen in abundance in United States but still they are scarce because we’ll need more than what has been provided by the nature (Giesbrecht & Clayton, 1997). This concept of scarcity makes people to choose amongst the options provided such as a s tudent may consider deciding between studying for an hour and watching a movie for the utilization of his time. And these choices are the outcome of the scarcity. These choices can be based on intuition but economics calls for rationality. Rationality requires that while deciding the associated benefits and costs of a decision should be compared and whenever a choice is made, it consequences from the

Workplace Health Safety (WHS) Guidelines

Workplace Health Safety (WHS) Guidelines Lachlan Donnet-Jones Introduction To provide effective patient care at a high standard it is necessary to use a clinical and systematic approach. The primary and secondary surveys are the centre of patient assessment. Primary assessment is a systematic approach to identifying critical and life threatening conditions and treating in order of severity. This includes complying with state clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) for workplace health and safety (WHS), infection control, airway management, manual handling and vital signs (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0101, p. 1). Subsequent to management of life-threatening conditions the secondary survey is conducted. Secondary survey involves a thorough physical examination enacting a ‘head to toe’ approach including inspecting, palpation and auscultation using various tools at paramedic’s disposal (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0101, p. 2). The clinical approach is applied to all patients as a basic level of care (AT Clinical Pr actice Guidelines, Protocol A0101, p. 3). Workplace Health Safety (WHS) The Work Health and Safety (WHS) Act, implemented by Safe Work Australia (2012), is a framework that aims to protect the health, safety and welfare of workers in their workplace. This includes both physical and psychological health. In Australia, the highest rate of serious injury claims is from muscular stress while lifting objects, a major component of the paramedic profession (Safe Work Australia, 2012). Paramedics are often in situations that can be demanding and potentially damaging of physical and mental health, this is why it is necessary to follow the WHS guidelines to avoid and minimise any negative outcome (Mistovich, 2010). Twedell and Pfrimmers’ (2009) article provides insight into the effectiveness of teamwork and communication specific to patient care. It states that ‘effective teamwork and communication can help prevent mistakes and decrease patient risk’ (p. 294 – 295). Other WHS considerations include; lifting and weight restrictions, biolo gical hazards, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), bystanders and family members and environmental factors such as weather conditions (Mistovich, 2010). Infection Control Infection control is defined as ‘the process by which a disease is transmitted via micro-organisms from one person to another’ (Black, 2010). The Ambulance Service of New South Wales (ASNSW) infection control policy (2011) uses a two tier system. The first tier is called ‘standard precautions’. This is applied to all patients no matter the diagnosis, it is a blanket level of precautions used with every patient. The second tier is ‘additional precautions’, which is applied to specific patients who are suspected of having infectious disease communicable via droplet, airborne or skin contact. Multi resistant organisms (MROs) are bacteria and organisms that have developed a resistance to antimicrobial drugs. MROs, such as Multiple Drug Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) or Vancomycin Resistant Enterococci (VRE), can cause serious illness in infected persons and can potentially lead to death (ASNSW Skills Manual, p. 114). Infectious diseases can be avoided and infections such as MROs are preventable with proper infection control procedures and precautions (NSW Infection Control Policy, 2007). It is the responsibility of paramedics and health professionals alike to take the necessary precautions to prevent infectious disease from spreading in the best interest of the health and safety of patients, clinicians and the general public (National Health and Medical Research Council, 2010). In compliance with the AT clinical practice guidelines (2012), paramedics responding in the scenario are required to wear PPE in accordance with the standard precautions, which includes gloves and safety glasses with mask, vest and helmet when required (Skill A0101). With the presence of emesis and without appropriate infection control, potential illness maybe communicable by airborne transmission, such as gastroenteritis (Mandell et al, 2000). Manual Handling Manual handling is defined in the New South Wales (NSW) Health Policy Directive (2011) as ‘any activity requiring the force exerted by a person to lift, lower, push, pull, carry or otherwise move, hold or restrain any object, animal or person’. Manual handling injuries are considered a large and unnecessary burden on workplace health, as most incidents are preventable (NSW Health Policy Directive, 2011). The purpose of manual handling policies and regulations is to prevent or minimise the occurrence of manual handling incidents (NSW Health and Community Services Industry Reference Group, 2005). This is accomplished with the combined effort of employees and employers in identifying, assessing and controlling workplace risks and hazards, such as those of manual handling (NSW Health Policy Directive, 2011). The safe manual handling techniques and skills required in the scenario include planning, two person log roll and team lifting with safe lifting techniques (Ambulance Vi ctoria Clinical Work Instructions, 2001, Skill 5.1.1). The patient in the scenario presents as unconscious with emesis present, thus requiring to be placed in the lateral position using a two person log roll (Ambulance Tasmania Clinical Work Instructions, 2004, Skill 2.2.1). Subsequent to the initial treatment the patient is required to be lifted onto a stretcher to be placed into the ambulance for transport to the emergency department (ED). Ambulance Tasmania does not specify a safe lifting load other than the recommended load bearing provided by the equipment manufacturer e.g. Ferno (Ambulance Tasmania Clinical Work Instructions, 2007, p. 5.1.22). However, according to the National Code of Practice for Manual Handling (2005) anything heavier than 55 kilograms (kg) is considered too heavy for an individual to lift and would require mechanical assistance or a team lift. The patient in the scenario weighs approximately 120 kg, therefore requiring a four person lift (National Occupational Health and Safety Commission, 2005). Airway Management Upon arrival the patient is found in a supine position, appears to be hypoventilating (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0103) and is unresponsive to all stimuli with a Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) of three (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0104). AT Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) state that the patients respiratory rate of seven is considered dyspnoeic, and therefore inadequate. This requires the patient to be moved into a lateral position via log roll as this is the best position to manage the airway in an unconscious patient (AT Clinical Work Instructions, Skill 2.2.1; Jevon, 2008). The patient presents with emesis on his face and shirt suggesting that his airway may be compromised. Jevon (2008) explains that the most effective way to further examine an airway obstruction is the ‘Look, Listen and Feel’ approach, where the paramedic examines visible chest movements, audible breath sounds, abnormal noises, and palpable air flow from the nose and mouth. During the ‘Look, Listen and Feel’ airway examination it will become clear whether the obstruction is potential or actual, and partial or complete (Jevon, 2008). Additionally, the cyanosed lips and cool skin temperature of the patient would be noted. AT Clinical Work Instructions (CWI) states that paramedics are required to clear a patient’s airway with the removal of foreign bodies. It instructs the health professional to perform a triple airway manoeuvre, which consists of a head tilt, chin lift and jaw thrust, accompanied by the insertion of an artificial airway (AT Clinical Work Instructions, Skill 2.2.1). The scenario requires an artificial airway to maintain the patients’ airway, specifically an oropharyngeal airway adjunct would be used to suppress the tongue and any other upper airway obstructions (AT Clinical Work Instructions, Skill 2.2.3). The oropharyngeal adjunct (OPA) is a good initial adjunct to use, as it is simple to insert and does not cause bacteraemia (bacteria in blood) (Patel, 2012). The inherent disadvantages of using an OPA include using the wrong size, which can contribute to airway obstruction, rather than airway patency (Khan, Sharma and Kaul, 2011). OPA’s have the potential to provoke emesis that may further obstruct the patent airway. It may also cause damage to soft tissue in the patients’ mouth and lips during insertion (Ostermayer and Gausche-Hill, 2014). The OPA may potentially be inadequate in maintaining a patent airway, requiring paramedics to consider the use of an alternative airway adjunct to establish sufficient airway patency. Other airway adjuncts paramedics may consider include; a nasopharyngeal airway (NPA) applied via the nasal canals, laryngeal mask airway (LMA) that is orally inserted to cover the laryngeal inlet, or a endotracheal tube (ETT), inserted into the trachea, which is an intensive care paramedic (ICP) skill only and considered the gold standard of airway management (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocols A0301, A0302). The patient has gurgling respirations and may require manual airway clearance to remove obstructing substances, such as emesis. Using a yankaeur sucker, paramedics are able to suction the unwanted substances from in and around the OPA, therefore clearing the patients’ airway and eliminating the gurgling respirations (AV Clinical Work Instructions, Skill 2.2.6; ASNSW Clinical Protocol Guidelines, p. 101.7). Once a patent airway has been achieved it is necessary to provide manual ventilation as the patient respiratory rate is currently seven per minute, an insufficient level of oxygenation to sustain the cells in the body (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0103). AT clinical practice guidelines indicate the use of a bag-valve-mask (BVM) to provide additional oxygen to the hypoventilating patient (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0103). The BVM resuscitation following intubation is one of the most important steps for effective airway management (Gabbott and Baskett, 1997). Despite its effectiveness, using a BVM has disadvantages including; gastric distension, regurgitation, aspiration, barotrauma and hypotension (Gabbott and Baskett, 1997; ASNSW Skills Manual, p. 102.1.1). Gabbott and Baskett (1997) emphasise the dangers of gastric distension resuscitation as they found 28% of failed resuscitations presented with pulmonary aspiration as a result of gastric distension. Other patient care considerations Additional precautions include accounting for accidental hypothermia. The patient has been outside on the ground for an unknown amount of time during May, which has an average temperature of 10 degrees celcius but can drop to below zero degrees celcius (Weatherzone.com.au, 2014). Ulrich and Rathlev (2004) state that hypothermia is when a person’s body temperature drops below 35 degrees celcius. Contributing factors to hypothermia include drugs and alcohol, environmental factors (e.g. wind or rain), length of exposure and time of day (Ulrich and Rathlev, 2004). Hypothermia management includes; sheltering patient from the environment, removal of damp and wet clothing, drying with towels and wrapping patient in space blanket. If hypothermia is severe, warming fluid at a temperature of 37 – 42 degrees celcius should be given to patient (AT Clinical Practice Guidelines, Protocol A0901). Conclusion To ensure comprehensive patient care is delivered at a high standard of clinical skill and safety paramedics must adhere to certain principles and guidelines. The WHS, infection control and manual handling guidelines and protocols are the initial point of notice for patient and paramedic safety. The systematic patient management framework ensures paramedics thoroughly assess patients’ conditions in order of severity, identifying life threatening conditions first and responding with appropriate treatment.

Database Development :: essays research papers

Network Upgrade In order to resolve network related problems The Airframe Corporation (TAC) has decided to upgrade the existing network consisting of a mix of Token Ring and shred Ethernet hubs to a switched Ethernet network. The purpose of this paper is to discuss several aspects of the project plan for the upgrade. This discussion will be made in threes sections. Section one will include project definition, while section two will deal with work breakdown structure and estimated schedules, and section three will cover costing and risk analysis. The project definition will include a background and statement of need, project objectives, the mission and goals or the project, the project approach, the project organization, and a task responsibility matrix. The work breakown structure (WBS) will consist of a WBS chart, a task flow and critical path, a project schedule, and project reporting. The costing and risk analysis will contain a cost plan, a project baseline, performance measures, project evaluation and reporting, and project termination. Background and Statement of Need The project team has identified several issues with the current network infrastructure. The first is the availability and cost of token ring hardware. Ethernet is the dominant network topology and is included on many devices at no cost. Equipment with token ring interfaces can be found but are much more expensive. Another problem is that the current hardware is about 10 years old and is experiencing increased maintenance costs. Another problem is that the majority of the existing cable plant does not meet minimal category 5 standards. Project Objectives The project has been budgeted $200,000 for cable installation, labor and hardware and the timeframe for the project should not exceed six months. The network upgrade should be designed to support the companies needs for a minimum of seven years without major rework. The project will need to have minimal impact on the network operations, as a result much of the work will need to be accomplished after-hours or on weekends. Mission and Goals of Project The goals of the project are: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Increase network availability to 99.999%. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complete project within budget. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complete project on time. †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Upgrade category 3 cable plant to category 5e or better. Project Approach The project manager will assemble a team of individuals with the appropriate skills. Network engineering will design and build the network. A cable vendor will be selected by network engineering. Platform engineering will upgrade clients and desktops. Networking engineering will be responsible for selecting an equipment vendor, designing the network, locating a cable vendor, and identifying cable runs that need to be replaced.

Changes in the Practice of Nursing Essay

The health care in the United States is changing, patients need and demand outstanding services delivery. So we as nurses are called up onto deliver this service. With the shift in the health care sector nurses will be even more in demand. This demand will be tied to skill levels and education. This is why it is so important for all nurses to commit to furthering their studies, it will make them more marketable. There will be many new job opportunities due to the restructure of the United States health care system.Providing health insurance to an additional 30 million people will likely make access to care a problem because of inadequate availability of primary care providers to meet the expected increase in demand. This is calling for innovative new ways on how to deliver health care in the United States. A few delivery systems are: -An accountable care organization (ACO) is a group of care providers who coordinate health care for a patients. This could include Doctors, Hospitals, Specialist and other health care providers. The idea is to keep health care cost down and avoid unnecessary test and procedures, but provide high quality care. (Gold, 2013) -Nurse Managed Health Clinics (NMHC) emphasize health promotion, education and disease prevention. It is a facility which is based in a community and staffed with advanced practice nurses as leaders. It provides primary healthcare services to the community. (Kovner & Walani, 2010) – Another module or philosophy of primary care is a medical home. It is a team-based facility, which is patient-centered, comprehensive, coordinated, accessible, and focuses on quality and safety. (â€Å"hrsa,† n.d.) All patients should receive the best coordinated care possible, especially the chronically ill, to get the right care at the right time is the purpose of these new modules. At the same time we should avoid unnecessary duplication of services and preventing medical errors – For example: The growth of chronic illness and aging populations, in particular, has placed a substantial burden on the healthcare system. Very popular is the patient-centered medical home model that emphasizes continuous coordinated  patient care. It has been shown to lower costs while improving health care outcomes. The patient-centered medical home is a way of organizing primary care that emphasizes care coordination and communication to transform primary care into â€Å"what patients want it to be.† Medical homes can lead to higher quality and lower costs, and can improve patient’s experience of care. Nurse Managed Health Clinics are led by advanced practice nurses to provide basic primary healthcare and screening. This could possibly be very cost effective if operated to their full potential. But let’s not forget that we also see and increasing demand of Nurse Practitioners (NP) in the hospital setting. We all know our two co-workers who went back to school and completed their NP program and now work in our Emergency Department as NP’s. Many hospitals also started using NP’s to take care of their in-patients. To keep up the demand of these facilities nurses with higher education are the future of the new health care system. Continuity of care is needed, it is the process by which the patient and the physician are cooperatively involved in ongoing health care management toward the goal of high quality, cost-effective medical care. Better quality care is given by higher educated nurses, so to stay marketable and to provide the best possible care to our patients it is in our interested to further our knowledge and our education. Nurse 1: The new health reform not only impact everyone as an individual, but it will also impact businesses as a whole. One of the main points of the new health care reform is to ensure that all Americans have insurance. With insurance not having been mandatory before, Americans who were uninsured had to deal with several financial problems when it came to paying medical bills. There are several individuals that do not have any medical insurance because they either do not have a job or the job that they do have does not offer insurance. And even some people who have the option to have insurance may not buy it because they don’t want to pay for it. And then these same people who have the option to have it but choose not, may end up using a government program to obtain medical services. This cost all tax payers more money for people who have the option to obtain insurance for them but choose to use a government facility. With this new reform it will be mandatory for every individual to obtain at least some sort of basic medical insurance for  themselves. Without insurance, people can sometimes not get the proper care that they deserve. And even though most hospitals do not turn away people without insurance, they do not cut them a break and still stick them with the high medical costs for the medical services that were administered. Americans who did not previously have insurance will now have obtained it. With the increase of insured Americans, the demand for health care providers will increase substantially. A huge percentile of practicing physicians and nurses are over the age of 50. Therefore the medical schools will need to recruit more students to become health care providers. Moreover, this will require additional professors as well as additional medical schools in order to handle the increase in enrollment. I am hoping that this can start our country down a better road with our health care situation. With the layout that has been provided, I can see that the idea is for everyone to benefit from this in one way or another. First, every American will benefit from having the insurance and being able to seek medical attention when needed. Insurance companies will benefit from claims. Doctors will benefit from receiving increased patients. Medical schools will benefit from having an increase of enrollment. Nurse 2: The changes to the nation’s health care system will affect nursing practice as we know it. We see change daily in our current practice. To prepare myself for the challenges and prospects that lie ahead, I am invested in advancing my education by being enrolled in an MSN program, I should complete this program by the end of this year. I do my best to step up to a more advanced leadership positions, currently fulfilling the role of a day shift supervisor in our Emergency Department. I try to stay current about the hospital and unit policies and procedures. I assist staff and physicians with changes, additions, and updates to our computer charting program system. My future plans for changes in my practice include earning certification in Emergency (CEN).I am trying right now to gain more understanding of the legislative process that helps shape health care policies. I needed to write a paper for school and found this subject fascinating. To meet society’s future healthcare needs, changes are necessary in the way nurses function and we need to improve and advance our education, so that we can development nursing management capabilities. To  help progress science, and be qualified to meet the needs of many types of patients, nurses need to be leaders, while providing excellent care. Collaboration among healthcare professionals is a requirement in an ever-changing and complex system. It is vital that nurses take ownership, step-up and be personally involved in helping transform health care and hospitals, into a safer place, which is accessible, fiscally responsible, and comprehensive in its care. Nurse 3: The rising cost of healthcare in today’s economy is in desperate need of a reform, we all know that. Because of this enormously cost many people are unable to receive medical care. People are sicker due to the inability to receive medical attention when it’s needed, so there wait and often the problem is getting much worse by the time there seek medical care. I am very worried about the increasing demand of nurses and the nursing shortage. If we do not address the nursing shortage very soon I see that in the future quantity will replace quality in nursing. Nurses will burn out and leave there position due to the increased demand and increased patient work load. Nurse to patient ratio is increasing, due to financial cuts from hospitals. Hospitals need to work more efficient to be able to keep their doors open. This is not very helpful to job satisfaction. We need to address these issues now. A few ideas would include for hospitals to pay for nursing school and have the student sign a contract to work for the hospital and every year worked 5000 dollars are forgiven in there loan. Also the demand is for everyone to continue with their education and obtain a BSN, MSN or doctorate, this cuts down on the quality of life in itself. Hospitals should give paid hours each week, to each nurse who is obtaining an advanced degree (like 4 hours a week). Summary I think each of my Co-Workers had a little different view on what is health reform meaning to them. In general each one had some kind of understanding about it and each nurse choose to share the point which is most dear to them about the reform. I agree mostly with all of them. The nursing shortage needs to be addressed and a larger more qualified nursing work force needs to be created. Nursing will have a huge impact on how we form the new health care system in the United States. Advanced practice in clinical settings  seems to be the most reasonable way of addressing the need of the public. Managed health care can be a solution to decrease the enormously cost of health care nowadays. References . Med-Surg Nursing, 23(1), 61-6. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/detail?vid=4&sid=d44f4649-8f31-43d2-bce8-b6a777bc1157%40sessionmgr4003&hid=4102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=ccm&AN=2012491341 Accountable Care Organizations . (2013). Retrieved from http://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Medicare-Fee-for-Service-Payment/ACO/ Gold, J. (2013). ACO is the hottest three-letter word in health care. Retrieved from http://www.kaiserhealthnews.org/stories/2011/january/13/aco-accountable-care-organization-faq.aspx Kovner, C., & Walani, S. (2010, January). Nurse Managed Health Centers . nursing research network. Retrieved from http://thefutureofnursing.org/resource/detail/nurse-managed-health-centers-nmhcs M. Colette Carver,Anne T. Jessie. (2011, May). Patient-Centered Care in a Medical Home. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 16(2). Retrieved from http://www.nursingworld.org/MainMenuCategories/ANAMarketplace/ANAPeriodicals/OJIN/TableofContents/ Vol-16-2011/No2-May-2011/Patient-Centered-Care-in-a-Medical-Home.html Swan, B. A. (2011, Nov.-Dec.). Health Care Reform: Current Updates and Future Initiatives For Ambulatory Care Nursing. Nursing Economic, 29(6), 331-4. Retrieved from http://eds.a.ebscohost.com.library.gcu.edu:2048/eds/detail?vid=4&sid=d44f4649-8f31-43d2-bce8-b6a777bc1157%40sessionmgr4003&hid=4102&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=ccm&AN=2011388254 What is a medical home? Why is it important? (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.hrsa.gov/healthit/toolbox/Childrenstoolbox/BuildingMedicalHome/whyimportant.html

Research Design Essay

In determining a research question it is important to know that this is the most critical aspect of the research. The research question will define the process, it will also guide the direction of the arguments and inquiries. The research question will provoke the interest of the reviewer. When there is a research question that does not work, it does not matter how strong the research is, it will be unsuccessful. In order to write a strong research question, it takes time. It is important to determine what lead you to the topic. Why does it matter? Start to formulate the questions by following the interest in the research question. A lot of time should be spent on researching and writing about the anticipated project. I have chosen bullying laws, should the state or federal government put laws into place to prevent bullying. This is important to me because it is something that I can relate to. Bullying has received a lot of attention in a lot of school shooting and other related incidents of violence. Bullying is a serious issue and is worth of rational attention, awareness and action. My hypothesis will be, bullying has become a major problem in schools and has been shown to lead to a lot of problems, even later in life. Bullying has become something that a lot of people have been thinking about and is something that has received a lot of different forms of attention. But, this is something that will be explored in elementary students, to put it better, why do certain students become bullies. This hypothesis is definitely both null and alternate because the null hypothesis states that just because the null hypothesis is not rejected does not mean that the statement is true. For example, some people believe that kids will be kids so it is no big deal, but that is why it is important to pin point why the child is doing what he/she is doing. The alternate studies different avenues when exploring the hypothesis. This hypothesis I believe is a quantitative design. I think this because the quantitative design s a formal, objective, systematic process for obtaining information about the world. A method is used to describe, test relationships, and examine the cause and effect relationships. So, when determining whether certain laws should be in place is always something that should be formal and systematic. The cause and effect relationship could be that bullying sometimes cause deaths which is the effect of bullying. This hypothesis is a descriptive design. Typical descriptive design examines the characteristics of a single sample. The hypothesis relates to comparative descriptive design because it compares two or more groups that occur naturally in a setting, while exploring differences. A case study is something that will need to be done in order to test the hypothesis. A case study is an intensive exploration of a single unit of study such as, the person, the family, the group, the community or the institution. Nominal scale is basically a way to categorize or group behavior. This is when the actual numbers are simple labels and identifiers. For example, if you wanted to know who endures the most bullying, you can separate them into female aggression and male aggression and then label the groups â€Å"1† and â€Å"2. † Ordinal scales are more precise than nominal scales. An ordinal scale is basically a set of rankings. So when using the ordinal scale you can put kids in to a ranking by popularity. You can have the kids placed in groups by the number of friends that they have. So those who don’t have any friends will be 1 and those having more than one friend will be 2 and so on. The interval scale is the same as the ordinal scale, but just showing differences of those 1 and 2 on an interval scale is the same as the difference between 4 and 5. Descriptive statistics are important because if presented with raw data it would be difficult to visualize what is showing in the data. This is especially true when there is a lot of data to read. Descriptive statistics will enable the data to present it in a meaningful way. This will allow for a less complex interpretation of the data. For example if we polled 100 students on whether or not they have ever been bullied, we may be interested in the overall behavior of those students. We would be interested in the gender and age of those students. Descriptive statistics will allow us to be able to do this. It will allow us to accurately describe data through statistics and graphs in a vital subject and to be discussed in other guides. There are many times when we do not have access to the entire population that you are interested in investigating. For example you might be interested in the bullying in the UK. It is not reasonable to measure all the bullying in the schools in the UK. It would be more logical to measure smaller samples of students, like 100 students, which will be used to represent the larger population group of students in the UK. I believe that descriptive statistics would be a better choice for this study. Frequency distribution shows the summarized grouping of data, it is divided into mutual select classes.

Online Guide for Compare and Contrast Essay Topics

Online Guide for Compare and Contrast Essay Topics 100 Ideas for Writing Your Best Compare and Contrast Essay Not always a topic of an essay is given by a teacher or academic program. Sometimes, you have to decide on it independently. That may sound a bit confusing! However, we offer to think about it as about a great opportunity to express your creativity and to improve your writing and thinking skills! Sometimes, choosing a topic may look easy. However, it’s almost as important as the rest of the work. Banal or boring topic can’t let you write an excellent essay. Imagine that the topic is a base of the whole essay and the rest of your work will depend on how good, easy and exciting the theme is. No need to be worried, we have some good news for you! Just like anything else in your academic life, choosing a topic can be a great skill and valuable experience that you can train and develop. For this purpose, we’ve created a short, easy but a very helpful guide that includes some general recommendations and ideas for inspiration! Main Principles of Writing Your Essay Are you confused about your new assignment? Don’t worry, most students feel embarrassed when they have to deal with a new type of work! Little knowledge is exactly what can help in your situation! So, what is a compare and contrast essay? This type of writing work is aimed at comparing two different subjects, people or phenomena. You have to analyze both of them and point on the most logical differences and similarities between them. Sometimes, you speak more about common features, other times about the difference between the two discussed objects. You can also write about both common things and differences and then balance these features. Just like any other essay, compare and contrast essay consists of three major parts: Introduction (including thesis); Body paragraph (with subparagraphs); Final Conclusion. Sources to Choose a Topic for Your Essay Choosing a topic starts with careful thinking and searching for some great sources of information. Remember, for a great topic it’s not enough to coincide with the main point of your studied discipline only, it also shall be: Interesting for you This is never the main rule, however, experience shows that students feel more motivated to work with the topics that appear interesting to them. More motivation and interest mean faster and better result and more fun while writing. Isn’t it a perfect formula? Popular and understandable for others Choosing a topic, you shall be sure that your target auditory is able to understand what you talk about. Moreover, it’s better to choose a topic that is interesting to others, not only to yourself. Studied enough If you choose a very innovative or very controversial topic, you may face a lack of information that is needed for your essay. Be sure you are about to work on a theme that is well studied, and there are a lot of free and accessible information sources that can be useful. Now, when you know ‘what’ to look for, it’s time to think ‘where’ to look for it. Don’t concentrate on academic books only, think about different sources to get inspired: Newspapers Many progressive students may think that the paper press is an old fashioned and even outdated way to get information. However, this time you may have an extra reason for buying a fresh newspaper: it’s a great source of getting some ideas for your compare and contrast essay. Moreover, many journalists like writing articles where they compare different realities, cultures, presidents, celebrities, etc. News Channel Who told you that watching TV is a bad idea when you have to write your essay? Put your pen aside and switch your TV on. News channels are great sources of ideas for your future essay! Magazines Not always there’s a mood for reading a newspaper or watching a news channel! Have you got your favorite magazine with you? Entertaining articles and bright pictures can also bring some great ideas. Maybe your topic will be less serious and funnier than those that are often chosen for the political newspaper. Why not? Internet The Internet is the biggest source of ideas for any type of essay. Moreover, it can bring you some alternative solutions: forums with millions of tips and advice from the students, lists of samples of the topics, professional writing teams that are ready to write your essay for you. The only disadvantage is the amount of junk information you can probably find. It can take some extra time and make your choice more difficult. Things Outside Can’t find a topic for your essay? Get out of your house! Nowadays there are so many scientific exhibitions, galleries, art-cafes and open seminars that can give you some joy, knowledge, and interesting ideas for writing an essay. Moreover, some fresh air and little activity will stimulate your brain for more effective work! Some Professional Wisdom The feeling when you choose a topic, start to work with it, and then get disappointed about your choice is familiar to many students. But you can easily avoid it, thinking in a more organized way about a topic you are about to choose: Don’t be in a hurry to start writing as soon as you find a topic. It’s better to give your brain some time to relax and then to think about your assignment again. Perhaps, in an hour or in a day your topic won’t appear same interesting to you. Choose several topics, before picking one up. It’s good if you decided on a topic easily. Now, try to think about two or three topics more. Your topics can have lots in common, there’s no problem with it. Write your topics down and analyze each one. Make a short plan of your future essay. Making a short plan is a great test for your chosen topic. If you can see the structure and the main concept of your future essay easily your topic is chosen correctly. List of Topics for Your Compare and Contrast Essay Topics on Famous People There are interesting characters in every field and each profession. You can easily choose two famous people to compare and to speak about. Moreover, celebrities and outstanding people always cause great interest of society. Choosing a topic about two famous characters you have a great chance to attract the attention of your target audience. Albert Einstein and Nikola Tesla. Compare the two great scientists and their investigation in the development of sciences. Leonardo Da Vinci and Michelangelo. Find out the similarities and differences between the two artists. Celine Dion and Madonna. Speak how different the popular pop singers are and how important both of them are for the development of the modern pop culture. Batman and Spiderman. Compare two popular characters of comic books and how successful creation of their images was. Obama and Tramp. Compare the ruling strategies of two leaders of the country, their images, and positions. Mister Bin and Charlie Chaplin. Compare the characters and their personalities. Adolph Hitler and Joseph Stalin. Show the similarities of the two leaders who represent opposite camps. Plato and Socrates. Check how important these two philosophers are and what is their place in modern science. Homer Simpson and Peter Griffin. The two popular characters of the American TV shows have a lot of common features, try to find out how similar the characters are. Othello and Hamlet. Compare two of the most popular characters created by Shakespeare. Topics on Religion, History and Culture Topics that are connected with religion, culture, and history can be very interesting and controversial. However, choosing a topic, you shall be sure it’s not banned for discussion. Often it’s not tolerant to discuss some religious issues or cultural differences. First World War Vs Second World War. This is quite a common topic for essays and discussion, however, if you are creative you can make it very interesting and informative. There are many aspects to speak about. Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome. These two countries and civilizations are often compared or even mixed. However, if you study the theme deeper, you can easily prove that the countries and cultures were very different and unique. Catholics and Orthodox. Christianity has several branches that differ from each other. Find out how the two main branches of the religion differ, while still having the same basis. American Revolution and French Revolution. These two great revolutions took place almost at the same time, they have resembling causes, however, still stay very different. President Kennedy and President Tramp. How the two presidents of the same country can be compared. Greek and Roman Mythology. The mythologies are so similar that they have even been mixed and combined. However, if you investigate the topic, you may see and prove that they are different in many aspects. Communism and Capitalism. Many people believe that there is nothing common about communism and capitalism. However, you can find out a lot of similarities between the two aspects. Fascism and Nazism. Find out the difference between these two concepts and discover why they are so often used to express the same things. Life in the 18th century and modern life. What are the main cultural differences between the modern life and life of society in the 18th century? Role of the religion in modern life and in the life of people 200 years ago. Some of the aspects of religion stay unchanged for many centuries, however, the sphere and level of its influence often change. Compare which role the religion played in the life of people who lived before and those who live in modern times. Topics on Policy The policy is an endless source of inspiration when it is about writing an essay and looking for a topic. There are many aspects that can be discussed. Political regime in China Vs political regime in Korea. Oriental countries often have a lot of common features in their culture, cuisine, mentality of people, and their way of life. However, it’s not necessary that their political regimes are similar too. Compare the policy of China with a political regime in Korea. Syrian revolution Vs Libyan revolution. A number of great revolutions started in Arabic word approximately at the same time. However, each country had very different consequences of the revolution. Official reasons of the revolutions that happened in Libya and in Syria are quite similar, however, their results are absolutely different. Compare these two revolutions. The immigrant policy of the USA Vs the immigration policy in the UK. These two countries are often compared. They are also called two of the most popular countries for immigration. However, the immigrant policies of the countries differ greatly. Speak about these differences and their effectiveness. Al Qaeda Vs ISIS. There are two terroristic organizations that have many common features. Compare them in order to find out which group of terrorists is more dangerous to global peace. Modern political regime in your country Vs policy of the 50’s. Compare how different the policy was a decade ago. Civil unions Vs registered marriages. Compare the two possible ways of partnership and its possible influence on the political image of a country. Credit Cards Vs debit cards. Bank cards often have similar functions and can be used for the same purposes. However, the popularity of credit or debit cards among citizens can influence the banking system and economy of the country greatly. President of the USA Vs Prime Minister of the UK. Many people tend to think that the meaning of the president in the USA is almost equal to the role of Prime Minister in Britain. Show the difference that only a few people realize. Canadian Legal System Vs Legal System in The USA. Canada and the USA are often compared in different articles and reports. While having a lot in common, their legal systems have some different core moments that are interesting to discuss. Life Sentence Vs death penalty. Legal punishment is aimed not only at punishing a criminal but also at preventing other potential criminals from committing crimes. A risk of being punished stops some people from hurting others. What can work better for that? Topics for Students of the 6th Grade Students of the 6th grade are often advised to choose simpler topics. In this case, teachers give the task to practice some critical thinking, writing skills and to prepare for more complicated themes in the future. Being an only child or having siblings: what is better. Cats Vs dogs: which animal makes a better pet. Pure water Vs juice: which drinks are healthier. Christmas Vs birthday: which holiday is better. Traveling by plane Vs traveling by car: which way of traveling is eco-friendlier. Living in the city Vs living in a village: what gives more chances to feel happy. Tennis Vs ping-pong: how the types of sport differ. Watching a movie or reading a book: what brings more fun. Cats and lions: similarities and differences. Summer Vs winter: which season is better and brings more fun. Topics for Middle School Students Watching films at cinema Vs watching films at home: what is the best way to realize the message of a movie. Role models of 90’s Vs modern role models: are there significant changes? Parents Vs teachers: whose influence on teenagers is more important. Hurricanes Vs tsunami: what is more dangerous. Bicycle Vs car: what is more difficult to deal with? British cuisine Vs American cuisine: which food is healthier. Office work Vs freelance: what is the best way to earn money. Having rest in mountains or near to the sea. Shopping online Vs shopping in malls: what is more comfortable. Traveling inside your country Vs traveling around the world: what gives more valuable experience. Topics for High School Students Novels Vs poetry: what is a better way of sending a message to other people. Exams at high schools Vs exams in college: what is more difficult and more important. Traditional education Vs online education: what can be more effective. Modern beauty standards Vs beauty standards of the previous century. Educational system in the USA Vs educational system in China: what is better and more effective. Modern home design Vs home design of 50’s. Working Vs unemployed students: who chose the correct strategy. American English and British English: how the two languages differ. SAT or TOEFL: which test is better for evaluating knowledge of the language. Human Vs animal: how different we are. Topics for College Students Living with parents or living alone. Think about the most comfortable way of living for a young student. High school Vs college: which educational stage plays the greatest role for young people. Conventional classes Vs remote study: what is better and more comfortable. Beginning Vs end of an academic year: what is more stressful for students. Part-time job Vs a job for a season: what is better to choose for a student. Learning with books or audio lessons: what is better and more practical. Living alone Vs living with friends: what is better for a student. School friendship Vs college friendship: which types of friends are more loyal. Eating habits of college students Vs eating habits of high school pupils: whose food is healthier. Choosing the most popular profession Vs choosing a profession that you enjoy: what is the right path to success. Easy and Popular Topics Complex topics can give you some extra points and chances to intrigue your readers. However, sometimes there’s simply no mood or no serious reason to spend too much time on working with a difficult theme. Some simple topics can become a universal solution in a case you are in search of a topic for your essay. Daytime Vs nighttime: what is the best time for traveling. Fruit Vs vegetables: what brings more benefit to one’s health. Madrid or Barcelona: which Spanish city is better to choose. Taxi Vs bus: what is the best transport mean for travelers. Healthy sleep vs healthy food: what is more critical for staying healthy. Female policeman Vs male policeman: is there a difference who works in the police? Yoga or swimming: what is a better way of staying fit. Building a career or making a family: what is more important in life. iPhone or Android: which OS is better. Textbook Vs electronic devices: what is better for study. Objects to Compare Before choosing a topic for your essay, think about simple objects that you’d like to compare. This can inspire you and help you to come up with some additional ideas about your writing work. Mythology Vs religion. Business Vs freelance. Sports Vs dancing. Classic music Vs pop music. Europe Vs America. Communism Vs capitalism. Books Vs films. Canada Vs the USA. Schools Vs colleges. Poetry Vs prose. Why Seeing Some Examples of Essays Is a Good Idea Some students think that seeing some essay samples and borrowing interesting ideas from them is equal to plagiarism. In fact, looking through some samples is a great way to improve your writing skills and to learn how to evaluate your own essay, comparing it to others. It has no relation to copying or plagiarism. You can easily find some essay samples on the internet or ask your teacher to show you some essays that can inspire you. When Academic Assistance Is Needed Sometimes little knowledge helps you to cope with your writing assignment easily. However, there are also cases when you feel that you can’t cope with a task on your own. If you feel difficulties, choosing a topic for your essay or writing the essay itself, no need to panic. You still have a great chance to get an excellent mark for your writing paper. Our essay writing service can help you to deal with a difficult writing assignment anytime you need!

Leukocytes Essays - Cell Biology, Immune System, Granulocytes

Leukocytes Essays - Cell Biology, Immune System, Granulocytes Leukocytes Leukocytes and the leukocyte differential count To consider the leukocytes together as a group is something of a granfalloon, because each type of leukocyte has its own function and ontogeny semi-independent of the others. To measure the total leukocyte count and allow this term to mean anything to the doctor is a travesty, yet the wbc count has traditionally been considered a cardinal measurement in a routine laboratory workup for just about any condition. I cannot emphasize too much that to evaluate critically the hematologic status of a patient, one must consider the individual absolute counts of each of the leukocyte types rather than the total wbc count. For such a critical evaluation, the first step is to order a wbc count with differential. In many labs, the result will be reported as a relative differential, something like this: WBC 6000/L segmented neutrophils 60% band neutrophils 2% lymphocytes 25% monocytes 8% eosinophils 3% basophils 2% Your first task is to multiply the wbc count by each of the percentages given for the cell types; this gives you an absolute differential. Now you're in business to get some idea as to the pathophysiologic status of the patient's blood and marrow. Thus, the illustration above becomes: WBC 6000/L segmented neutrophils 3600/L band neutrophils 120/L lymphocytes 1500/L monocytes 480/L eosinophils 180/L basophils 120/L The total wbc count is invariably done using an automated method. Routinely, the differential count is done by hand (i.e., through the microscope) in smaller labs, and by automated methods in larger facilities. The automated methods are amazingly accurate, considering the fine distinctions that must often be made in discerning one type of leukocyte from the other. One manufacturer's machine can quite reliably pick out one leukemic blast cell in eight hundred or more leukocytes. Now we shall consider each of the leukocyte types individually. A. Neutrophils The most populous of the circulating white cells, they are also the most short lived in circulation. After production and release by the marrow, they only circulate for about eight hours before proceeding to the tissues (via diapedesis), where they live for about a week, if all goes well. They are produced as a response to acute body stress, whether from infection, infarction, trauma, emotional distress, or other noxious stimuli. When called to a site of injury, they phagocytose invaders and other undesirable substances and usually kill themselves in the act of doing in the bad guys. Normally, the circulating neutrophil series consists only of band neutrophils and segmented neutrophils, the latter being the most mature type. In stress situations (i.e., the acute phase reaction), earlier forms (usually no earlier than myelocytes) can be seen in the blood. This picture is called a left shift. The band count has been used as an indicator of acute stress. In practice, band counts tend to be less than reliable due to tremendous interobserver variability, even among seasoned medical technologists, in discriminating bands from segs by microscopy. Other morphologic clues to acute stress may be more helpful: in the acute phase reaction, any of the neutrophil forms may develop deep blue cytoplasmic granules, vacuoles, and vague blue cytoplasmic inclusions called Dhle bodies, which consist of aggregates of ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum. All of these features are easily seen (except possibly the Dhle bodies), even by neophytes. The normal range for neutrophil (band + seg) count is 1160 - 8300 /L for blacks, and 1700 - 8100 /L for other groups. Keeping in mind the lower expected low-end value for blacks will save you much time (and patients much expense and pain) over the course of your career. Obesity and cigarette smoking are associated an increased neutrophil count. It is said that for each pack per day of cigarettes smoked, the granulocyte count may be expected to rise by 1000 /L. B. Monocytes These large cells are actually more closely related to neutrophils than are the other granulocytes, the basophil and eosinophil. Monocytes and neutrophils share the same stem cell. Monocytes are to histiocytes (or macrophages) what Bruce Wayne is to Batman. They are produced by the marrow, circulate for five to eight days, and then enter the tissues where they are mysteriously transformed into histiocytes. Here they serve

Business Ethics as Related to The De Beers Company and Employee Rights Essay Sample

Introduction Business moralss is defined as the norms or criterions of behavior that direct moral picks about the behaviour of the forces in a concern association and the association with the members of the populace. The end of concern moralss is to guarantee the safety of the employees. direction. and the external populaces are protected from enduring the effects from the concern activities of the peculiar organisation. Social duty along with concern moralss outlines what the house ought to make in the running of the concern. The societal duty of a concern organisation towards the society deserves considerations in all the stages of strategic disposal. whereby the organisation must exert strategic planning through environmental and organisational assessment in order to supply replies to what an organisation might make and what it can make. ( Maund. 2001 ) Discussion The constitution of a concern or company entails coming up with concern rules or ethical motives that must be followed. These concern rules may include how the concern behavior or transacts its concern and how it deals with its clients or consumers. Business moralss besides entails the employee’s rights and their behavior as expected in their responsibilities to the company. The De Beers Company is involved in diamond geographic expedition. diamond excavation and diamond trading. For the De Beers Company I am traveling to turn to the undermentioned ethical issues ; the company’s place on merchandising of struggle diamond. legal issues. popular civilizations. runs and its place on man-made diamonds. Some of the employee’s rights I am traveling to discourse will include the labours criterions. wellness and safety every bit good as environment. The industries system of guarantees is besides another ethical issue that I will turn to under this subject. All this issues contribute greatly to the success of the concern ends and aims. Over the recent yesteryear. De Beers Company has played a cardinal function in selling conflict diamonds from those countries that had diamond struggle due to the rebellions. In the 1990s De Beers Company came up with a policy which applied to all of Africa which was merely to purchase those diamonds that were lawfully traded and which the company believed it were non used to fund Rebel groups in those excavation countries. This was their public place while they were really purchasing struggle diamonds and funding those rebel groups for illicit trade. They were so much involved in get downing wars through the Rebels so that the Rebels could acquire their work forces to mine and research for diamond and sell this diamond at a lower or cheaper monetary value to them. This is a large unethical concern issue since the Rebels are non allowed to come in into trade or concern for illegal trade of diamonds. They were besides involved in offense against humanity as many lost their lives durin g the Rebel wars and this is unethical to concern projects. ( Edward. 1982 ) The other major ethical issue that affects the De Beer Company is the unfavorable judgment on monopoly of the diamond industry. Monopoly is a large concern ethic issue that the company is confronting which is illegal. The diamond market is dominated by De Beer’s companies which were originally formed in South Africa by British proprietors. De Beers now owns about 70 per centum of diamond mines in Africa and a household of companies jointly which is responsible for around 40 per centum of universe diamond production by value in the market. The even per centum partnership trade between De Beers and the authorities of Botswana is the world’s taking manufacturer of diamonds in the market. The supply of diamonds worldwide is controlled merely by De Beers therefore basking a monopoly in Botswana and about near monopoly in diamond supply in the remainder of the universe. Some other diamond mines owned by little companies have less control on the diamond market and this is unet hical in concern. Monopoly is non allowed in concern ; nevertheless. the codification of moralss merely allows 50 per centum of the market monopoly and non all monopoly on the market. This suppresses the little graduated table concerns in the market by even holding control over the monetary values of the market. It besides leads to run outing the resource of the developing states such as Botswana for case through suppression of the mine workers who are lowly. In any concern puting monopoly is non allowed at all and steps should be put in topographic point to avoid such sort of market by any company. De Beers through its gross revenues and selling publicities has been really successful in increasing gross revenues and desire for diamonds. One of the run schemes is that it has been trying to deter diamond proprietors from seting their older diamonds into the secondary market and therefore restricting competition. Since 1947 the company has created many successful runs on how to increase the sale of diamonds. One of the most effectual schemes undertaken by De Beers Company has been the selling of diamonds as a symbol of love and committedness such as the ideal gem for an battle or marrying ring. Another run that the De Beers Company has been involved on is that of HIV Aids bar and control. Bing a planetary company that has many employees throughout the Earth and some of them has been affected so much by the stigma. the company has come out to assist control and halt the stigma. The company through its public assistance activities to its employees and community at big has come out g reatly to battle the stigma through runs that educate people and give wellness attention support for those already affected by the deathly disease. Since the 1950s. it has been possible to make synthesized diamonds in a research lab other than the original natural diamond. These research labs have been able to make diamond rocks that are used for many industrial intents such as for abradants in heavy responsibility boring. It is now besides possible to bring forth research lab created synthetics that are identical optically from mined diamonds even by professional sellers therefore doing them suited for jewellery. These are by and large colored treasures that offer colourless man-made diamonds. This has resulted to the monetary values of the original diamond of the company that it mines to travel down since the competition is really high in the market topographic point as people tend to prefer synthesized diamond that serve the same intent in the market. This is a large menace to the company and it has to run against production of such synthesized diamond that is illegal in the market since it has a great consequence to their gr oss revenues in the market. The company hence ought to get down runs on this illegal trade of synthesized diamond that is unethical harmonizing to the diamond concern. The other legal issue that is of great concerned to the company is who controls or repair the monetary values of diamond in the market so that there is no monopoly in this planetary diamond market or industry. This is a large issue that affects the De Beer’s codification or rules of trade to the market greatly because they may non command the market monetary values. In 2004 the De Beers paid a $ 10 million mulct to the Department of Justice of United States to settle a 1994 charge that the corporation had entered in to with General Electric Company to procure the worth of industrial diamonds. De Beers reached an understanding in the twelvemonth 2005 and a preliminary blessing order was issued to settle the bulk of civil monetary value repairing suits filed against the company in the United States. Such colony of jurisprudence suits does non affect any admittance of liability on the portion of De Beers but it will convey an terminal to all outstanding category actions. This leg al issue on who should command the monetary values of the diamonds in the market continues to be a great issue that affects the concern markets and gross revenues vastly of the company. ( Davis. 2007 ) De Beers Company over the yesteryear has been involved in illegal trade of diamond by funding the Rebels to mine diamonds for them and besides supported the wars so that they could freely merchandise and get diamond without the intercession of authorities. It is besides unethical for a company to prosecute itself in illegal covering that does non run into the specifications set out in concern Acts of the Apostless. For illustration. Rebels forced people in the illegal diamond excavation which is a misdemeanor against the human rights or employees rights. The people were forced to work under rough conditions and for long hours without nutrient or H2O which was a misdemeanor of their rights. Children were besides used mine in the excavation evidences that were non environmental friendly to them which was a misdemeanor of kids rights under any concern moral principle. All this was due to the illegal concern moralss De Beer got involved itself in with the Rebels. De Beers is active in every class of diamond excavation which includes open-pit. belowground. large-scale alluvial. coastal and deep sea. Some of these environments are non contributing for the workers or employees to work for illustration working in the resistance or big scale alluvial therefore the employees need to be protected or insured against such hazards. They besides need protective cogwheels to protect them against hurts and the risky environment the work under. The concern moralss ensures that all this is catered for and all employees’ rights are protected. De Beers Company is on the record utilizing dust suppression method of spraying H2O when boring which violates their rights because dust in a diamond mine can cut and mark the lungs of miners. This is a large hazard and particularly to the workers non protected by usage of protective cogwheels or being insured when such hazards occur. These belowground mines besides posed great hazards of prostration and so the company under concern codifications should guarantee that the mines follow process in boring such mines so that they don’t pose any danger to the employees. Health and safety are among the major concern moralss issues that are concerned to protect their employee’s rights in any company or concern. Labors criterions are besides portion of the concern ethical issues where workers demands have to be addressed for illustration wages should be standardized for them to be able to gain a good life. However. the company besides has some benefits like the retirement strategies and wellness insurance strategies. The wage they earn should be able to prolong them to bask a good life and their criterion could besides be improved by supplying lodging installations. The labours criterions should besides be improved by holding standard working hours to avoid overworking of the workers particularly those in th e mines. The working environment should besides non be risky to the workers and all mines should be safe for mining to take topographic point. There are many alternate solutions to work outing the jobs affecting concern moralss as stated above. The first solution is whereby De Beers warrants that a 100 per centum of the diamonds it now sells are conflict free. All De Beer’s diamonds are purchased in conformity with national jurisprudence. the strategy of Kimberley Process Certification and its ain Diamond Best Practice Principles that is harmonizing to the company are normally followed. De Beers is active in the Kimberley Process which aims to extinguish conflict diamonds from universe diamond flows. On the other manus Diamond Development Initiative should take to turn to the political. societal and economic challenges confronting the little graduated table informal diamond excavation sector and to optimise the good development impacts of little graduated table formal diamond excavation to mineworkers. The De Beers does this through advancing the development of sustainable concern theoretical accounts supported by de velopment undertakings. ( Fisher. 2002 ) In order to hold control of the monetary values in the market. De Beers should offer injunctive alleviation which includes a general committedness to follow with the antimonopoly Torahs of the United States. and a committedness non to prosecute in specific behavior with 3rd party manufacturers and Sight holders. For illustration in the twelvemonth 2006 De Beers Company voluntarily entered into lawfully adhering committednesss with the European Commission ( EC ) to discontinue buying unsmooth diamonds from Alrosa. However. the De Beers Company no longer controls the monetary values and besides no longer monopolizes the market by holding the 70 per centum of the sells. The authorities should besides command the monopoly and put up policies to let the little graduated table companies to sell their diamonds without leting the large companies to take control. The Botswana and South Africa states should ordain Torahs to forestall these companies from working them and from ruling the market s but besides assisting the little graduated table companies. The solution to issues on heath should besides be imposed by the company and the authorities in order to follow all healthy steps put in topographic point in any concern. For illustration De Beers presently holds a legal freedom in South Africa from the compulsory dust suppression method of spraying H2O when boring on the evidences that the dust in its mines is uniquely harmless ; a scenario which might non keep if it is considered profoundly. Such a step will forestall dust in a diamond mine from cutting and impacting the lungs of miners who are exposed to this risky environment. These steps should be enacted and any concern that breaks such jurisprudence should confront effects of action caused. This will heighten the preparation of concern moralss by different companies that attentions for their workers or employees welfare. The production of synthesized Diamond is another job that needs to be resolved that is to extinguish this merchandises from the market. As portion of De Beers’ and Diamond Trading Corporation enterprise to work out this job they came up with the Gem Defensive Program as an instrument to be used by trade and gemological research labs that can observe all interventions. synthetics and simulates diamond merchandises. The two companies besides financess educational plans about interventions that can alter the visual aspect and other belongingss of diamonds and anterooms for all diamond interventions and synthetics to be labeled in such a mode. These activities are undertaken in cooperation with taking trade organic structures as a agency of guaranting full and accurate information is provided to consumers of the merchandises. This Defensive Program will be able to assist place this illegal synthesized diamonds that is being flooded in the market and being made available in the mar ket at a lower monetary value than the original diamond. The concern moralss do non let forgery merchandises into the market and hence De Beers should keep itself from such a pattern ; this will guarantee that all merchandises supplied to the market will be of good quality and of original beginning so that its worth to the consumers for desired usage. The authorities should inspect all mines for safety working status free from fright of prostration and risky environment. Safety steps should be amended and guarantee that they are followed for the Torahs surfs to confront effects. ( Fisher. 2002 ) Diamond is a cherished resource as a symbol of love and commitment hence concern moralss must be held in order to construct a feasible foundation and committedness for concerns and at the same clip protect all employees’ rights in any organisation. Decision The extent of concern moralss is considered extended and can be measured from diverse point of views. In this instance the firm’s direction must do certain that a figure of ethical considerations must be nonsubjective for the concern to be booming in its maps and associations with its human resources and the milieus of its company. Corporate communicating hence must be adhered to and it is termed as a procedure that is used to smooth the advancement of the exchange of information and facts of the endeavor with its internal and external populaces or persons that have a direct relationship with the organisation. This activity is by and large practical in the internal communications direction as it is utilized from the distribution of the comprehension to determination doing with human resources. traders. investors and the company’s associates. Therefore. corporate communicating as a regulation is used to construct the company’s position among its stakeholders. This communicating entails the followers: transmutation direction. capable direction. concern societal duty. exigency communicating and internal connexions. ( Sparrow and Hilltop. 1994 ) Mention Davis. J. ( 2007 ) : The New Diamond Age- Wired Issue diary. Vol. 2 Edward. J. ( 1982 ) : The Diamond Invention: – Diamond Trading Company diary. Vol. 1 Fisher. D ( 2002 ) : De Beers plans war on man-made Gems- Times Publishers Maund. L. ( 2001 ) : An Introduction to Human to Human Resource Management: – Theory and Practice: Macmillan. Palgrave Sparrow. P and Hilltop. J ( 1994 ) : European Human Resource Management in Passage: – Prentice Hall. New York

Discuss a contemporary problem in penolog Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discuss a contemporary problem in penolog - Essay Example According to Pollock (2005), the Big House was depicted as a world inhabited by individuals who appeared deceased than alive. This maximum-security prison emerged in 1920s as well as 1930s. This system developed as an uncomfortable transition following the collapse of â€Å"factory† prison, which dominated the last part of 1800s. The Big House prison being a walled institution often contained several thousand inmates who were idle from decreased industrial work (Johnson, n.d). From plantation prisons, which were agrarian comparable to industrial prisons, emerged the Big House to offer discipline to inmates unable to work in the road works and in the fields. Plantation prisons had gross population of black prisoners since they were newly emancipated and were prone to being arrested for the flimsiest pretext to work in hard labour in prisons usually called chain gangs. The shackled prisoners were used to construct several public works like railroads and roads (Pollock, 2005). The Big House gave way to correctional Institution, which was the new prison system that first emerged in 1940s as well as 1950s. These prisons were typically large cell blocks with shops and a yard as well as industrial workstations. About 2,500 prisoners from rural and urban areas spend their time in every institution (Pollock, 2005). During the 1960s and 1970s, treatment programs were established in the correctional institution with the aim of establishing security, order, and discipline. As the number of offenders increased in the last 30 years, so was the prison population. The number of inmates from urban and rural areas greatly increased with many of them engaging in violent offenses. The shift from crime control that emphasized on the significance of incarceration in the previous establishments meant an increase of inmates in the correctional institutions (Cole, Smith &

See the pic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

See the pic - Essay Example Customers are engaged in real time through social media like twitter and facebook. A market integration in sugar allows creation and management of marketing programs to particular customers. Customers also enjoy the use of software they use daily in their lives since they integrate into Sugar CRM. The software includes the Word, Outlook or Excel. The Dun&Bradstreet component of sugar allows the management to have a complete view of the customer properties requests and insights. Sugar can import all the business contacts from Gmail, Google and IMAP into one place. Sugar provides a complete sales forecast for the business. Sugar presents forecasting for each item that can be formatted to specific periods. It also gives the management achievement quotas and other functionality scenario simulations. Due to increase in smartphone use, sugar has mobile CRM that allows on-the-go use through native Android and iOS applications. All these functionalities have a customer-service portal for bug reports, trouble tickets, and an FAQ section. All these features are elegantly presented in a multiple homepage dashboard that have monthly outcome pipelines, lead sources categorized by opportunities and sales pipelines. These results can be presented to the management or customer through customizable charts, dashboards and reports that are generated

Art and design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art and design - Essay Example The Harlem renaissance art borrowed heavily from post impressionism. The African American community came to understand that it was their time to flourish as human beings. This is usually referred to as the period of enlightenment for the African American artists and the people. This essay seeks to discuss the Harlem renaissance basing on the two prominent figures, Richmond Barthe and Aaron Douglas. It compares and contrasts their early life, their education and their contribution in the Harlem renaissance. Richmond Barthe was born in bay St Louis, Mississippi. This was on January 28, 1901. His father was sr. Richmond Barthe and his mother Marie clementine Robateau. His mother sewed to support the family and his father died when he was only a year old. His mother later remarried to Barthe’s godfather, William franklin. William had no stable job and he worked odd jobs to sustain the family. This included being the icemen to the local community. Interestingly, Barthe’s interest in art developed at a very tender age. Barthe himself mentions that his mother would keep him calm through giving him a piece of paper to draw on. This would allow the mother enough time to run the house errands (Schulman & Peter, 2009 p123). At the age of six years, Barthe began to paint after the master the mum sewed for gave him a set of water colors. At this age, Barthe could draw well. When Barthe was a teenager, his art was overdeveloped for his age. Most of his paintings captured his father’s ice customers and his mother’s sewing customers. Luckily as he helped his father in delivering ice during the summer, one of the customers noticed the hardship and helped him get a job in New Orleans (Black, 2009 p234). This family encouraged his art and as he worked as a houseboy, Barthe furthered his talent in art. It was around this time that Barthe met Lyle Saxon. This was a writer for the New

CHILDREN AND THE MEDIA - media literacy Literature review

CHILDREN AND THE MEDIA - media literacy - Literature review Example They gain exposure to different methods in which the media can be used to manipulate and misrepresent and also its role in view generation and reality (Pannu and Tomar, 2010, pg. 21). However, the above definitional can be described as outdated for media literacy has evolved from just theses abilities and formats into electronic forms (Pannu and Tomar, 2010, pg. 21). Since 1970’s when information technology emerged, media and information has shown tremendous growth forming a basis for education and learning. This saw information becoming more digital, while people and countries became more networked. This has led to a complex and transformed environment filled with all kind of data and information that is easily accessed by a simple swipe or click of a button (Cohen, Schwartz and Harris, 2013 pg. 52). In the 1300’s, long before the information technological boom, Sorbonne library located in Paris had 1,338 books which made it the largest library in Europe. However, only an elite group of people had access to the tremendous amount of information contained in the library. In this century, thereis a high number of libraries containing more than eight million books. These books are lent out to millions of people across the globe (Potter, 2011, pg. 6). Media literacy has received a massive boost due to this. The creation of online libraries that store books in virtual cloud space has also attributed to easy ac cess to books. In 2007, 276,649 new book titles were produced by commercial publishers. A further addition of 134,773 book titles were produced by on demand publishers (Potter, 2011, pg. 6). Due to this tremendous amount of information being produced every day, humans have come up with ways to automatically sieve through this information and get the information required in a matter of seconds or faster. This has seen people from age groups develop skills that are essential in accessing information from anywhere and at any time. This

E-Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-Business Strategy - Essay Example Internet’s effects on planning are immensely significant to understand. This is because the world of Internet is very varied and takes into consideration a number of aspects including the one related with the change premise. This means that technological manifestations are moving ahead at a bottleneck speed and it is usually difficult to keep a track of what new changes are hitting the business domains within the World Wide Web. His is one of the reasons why Internet is being seen both as a hurdle and as an area where opportunities could be discerned at the very best. Internet motivates planning in the way that it creates room for understanding simple logic and how things are planned out in a sequential format or even randomly. It brings the entire focus back in the fray of the planning domains and this is something that planning does at the end of the day. Internet is such a giant that it is always seen as a platform which will instill change for all the right reasons, shapes and sizes. An example of this is in the form of the revolutionary changes that are taking place within the social media enterprises and networks that even the most adequately placed social networking guru finds it hard unless he has planned beforehand. He must make sure where he has to set his sails and then go about making the best use of the Internet in the long run through sound planning phases.

Art and design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Art and design - Essay Example The Harlem renaissance art borrowed heavily from post impressionism. The African American community came to understand that it was their time to flourish as human beings. This is usually referred to as the period of enlightenment for the African American artists and the people. This essay seeks to discuss the Harlem renaissance basing on the two prominent figures, Richmond Barthe and Aaron Douglas. It compares and contrasts their early life, their education and their contribution in the Harlem renaissance. Richmond Barthe was born in bay St Louis, Mississippi. This was on January 28, 1901. His father was sr. Richmond Barthe and his mother Marie clementine Robateau. His mother sewed to support the family and his father died when he was only a year old. His mother later remarried to Barthe’s godfather, William franklin. William had no stable job and he worked odd jobs to sustain the family. This included being the icemen to the local community. Interestingly, Barthe’s interest in art developed at a very tender age. Barthe himself mentions that his mother would keep him calm through giving him a piece of paper to draw on. This would allow the mother enough time to run the house errands (Schulman & Peter, 2009 p123). At the age of six years, Barthe began to paint after the master the mum sewed for gave him a set of water colors. At this age, Barthe could draw well. When Barthe was a teenager, his art was overdeveloped for his age. Most of his paintings captured his father’s ice customers and his mother’s sewing customers. Luckily as he helped his father in delivering ice during the summer, one of the customers noticed the hardship and helped him get a job in New Orleans (Black, 2009 p234). This family encouraged his art and as he worked as a houseboy, Barthe furthered his talent in art. It was around this time that Barthe met Lyle Saxon. This was a writer for the New

E-Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

E-Business Strategy - Essay Example Internet’s effects on planning are immensely significant to understand. This is because the world of Internet is very varied and takes into consideration a number of aspects including the one related with the change premise. This means that technological manifestations are moving ahead at a bottleneck speed and it is usually difficult to keep a track of what new changes are hitting the business domains within the World Wide Web. His is one of the reasons why Internet is being seen both as a hurdle and as an area where opportunities could be discerned at the very best. Internet motivates planning in the way that it creates room for understanding simple logic and how things are planned out in a sequential format or even randomly. It brings the entire focus back in the fray of the planning domains and this is something that planning does at the end of the day. Internet is such a giant that it is always seen as a platform which will instill change for all the right reasons, shapes and sizes. An example of this is in the form of the revolutionary changes that are taking place within the social media enterprises and networks that even the most adequately placed social networking guru finds it hard unless he has planned beforehand. He must make sure where he has to set his sails and then go about making the best use of the Internet in the long run through sound planning phases.

Purpose Of The Academic Community Essay Example for Free

Purpose Of The Academic Community Essay The continuous and dynamic research in the academic community provides an avenue for development and growth not only for the institution but also for the students and instructors as well. Due to the rapid changes happening in the world and the increasing effects of globalization, the academic community must also make a firm stand in addressing these changes to create continuity and stability. The main importance of doing research in the academe is creating new literature that paves the way for new knowledge. Through the years, there are emerging new issues that need to be addressed. Doing research can be vital in contributing to the study or field. Research is vitally important especially in the academic community due to the fields overall tendencies to continually change and evolve. Having appropriate foundation in conducting research can help academic institutions cope with the standards of education that will foster a better modes and mechanisms for teaching students. A fully research equipped academic institution can have many benefits that can spill to (1) students, (2) instructors and (3) the community. With the evolution of research, it can foster an environment for better facilitators and instructors. â€Å"Increased ability to attract highly qualified and motivated members of staff (both nationally and internationally)† (Aceto, 2005, p.2) In addition, increased research can also create a positive domino effect first with the school/university, instructors, the students and the community. In the end, conducting research in the academic community produces positive effects with the actors involved. Thus, there is a need to â€Å"strengthen the commitment to research-based teaching and post graduate education.† (Aceto, 2005, p.7) The challenge for educators and the academic community is maintaining sustainable measures and funding that will ensure the continuous development of such endeavor. This is an important determinant for success. References Aceto, L. (2005) The Importance of Research for a Modern University. [on-line] Retrieved November 8, 2007 from http://www.cs.aau.dk/~luca/SLIDES/importance-of-research.pdf

Light Trapping Properties of Solar Cells

Light Trapping Properties of Solar Cells Abstract In this paper, we have investigated the light trapping properties of solar cells based on one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPC) by using finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. Light trapping is essential for thin film solar cells due to the limited absorption in long wavelength range. Here, we used different types of solar cell structures and to explore their photonic ray theories (electric field propagation) and numerical simulations. The one-dimensional thin film solar cell consists of distributed Bragg’s reflector (DBR), Metal back reflector, grating and anti-reflection coating (ARC). The influence of the grating period and depth, the optimal path length has to be increased. These numerical simulations indicate that this combined photonic structure is capable of improving the external quantum efficiency and their absorption. As well as the relative enhancement increased up-to 60% for thin film silicon solar cells. We further to investigate high efficiency of thin fi lm solar cell using different structure. Index terms: Finite difference time domain (FDTD), distributed Bragg’s reflector (DBR), the grating, metal reflector, anti-reflection coating (ARC) and relative enhancement factor. Introduction The scientific community is intensively working to achieve high efficiency thin film solar cells based on silicon. Among the various energy sources, solar energy is well considered to be very promising and achieved wide applications for space and global power generation. The silicon based thin films are cheaper and easy fabrication due to well developed silicon technology. The Silicon based thin films have been the choice as active materials for solar cells, such as crystalline silicon (c-Si), amorphous silicon (a-Si), micro crystalline silicon (ÃŽ ¼c-Si) and so on [1]. The efficiency of silicon thin film solar cell (TFSC) is low due to their weak absorption in longer wavelength range. Thus the light trapping mechanism for thin film silicon solar cell becomes a vital role to improve the conversion efficiency. The crystalline silicon solar cells integrated with the DBR, metal reflector, ARC and grating. Therefore, the incident light is expected to be partially absorbed in the active l ayer of crystalline silicon (c-Si), after the support through the front anti-reflection coating layer (Si3N4) and the back reflector of aluminum (Al) or dielectric (DBR) layers. We are realized that incident light is scattered into the DBR due to the periodic grating and reflected back at the bottom interface. Therefore the way of light trapping in this design is different from usual reflectors based on metals or photonic crystals [2, 3]. In this paper, we will focus on strongly corrugated photonic crystal absorbers made up of a-Si and SiO2 layers are periodically patterned. Finally, the optical presentation of the structure will be indicated by their integrated absorption, the absorbed spectral range between 300-1200nm. This paper deals with the modeling and designing of solar cells using FDTD method. Figure 1 The schematic diagram of the solar cell structure Designing Approach Finite difference time domain (FDTD) method as a sophisticated computational method used to model advanced devices. Figure 1 shows a schematic diagram of solar cell composed of anti-reflection coating (ARC), diffraction grating and photonic crystals also known as distributed Bragg’s reflector. The distributed Bragg’s reflector (DBR) consists of alternate layers of amorphous Si (a-Si) and silicon-di-oxide (SiO2) with their refractive index 3.6 and 1.45 and thickness 56nm, 138nm respectively. The thickness of the each layer is determined by the quarter wave principle (t = ÃŽ »C /4n), where, n-is the refractive index and ÃŽ »C is the center wavelength of photonic band gap. On top of the DBR, diffraction grating is embedded which is made of a-Si and SiO2, with duty cycle (Gdc=0.5ÃŽ ¼m), period (Gp=0.6ÃŽ ¼m) and thickness (Tg=0.1ÃŽ ¼m).The anti-reflection coating (ARC) layer is made of silicon nitrate (Si3N4) and their thickness 0.07ÃŽ ¼m. Result and Discussion The wave propagation designed solar cell is shown in figure 2. We have used commercial available Full WAVE tool supplied by RSoft. We can see light interaction into the device, when one light is made incident on the solar cell. The shorter wavelength is absorbed by the active region while longer wavelength moves toward bottom layer. The grating interaction gives scattering and diffraction of light where as DBR reflects remaining light. This mechanism finally force the light waves into active region. We have designed and analyzed four different structures of solar cells to understand the light trapping mechanism. Figure 2 Schematic diagrams of solar cell structure and their electric field distribution Figure 3 (a) show absorption of solar cells in accordance to wavelength from 300 to 1200nm. To compare the performance of designed devices we have designed a planer solar cell which mainly consists of anti-reflection coating of silicon nitride. The solar cell absorption of DBR and ARC based solar cell is found to be improved than reference solar cell. However, DBR, ARC and GRA based solar cells show distinct absorption as comparisons to cell C1 and C3. We can see added absorption peak in the red and infrared part of solar spectrum for the case of cell 2. Figure 3 Absorption (a) and Quantum efficiency (b) of designed four solar cells Figure 3b shows Quantum efficiency of different types of thin film Silicon solar cells. The solar cell (C2) composed of DBR, ARC and GR Solar cell C2 shows enhanced quantum efficiency then solar cells C1 and C3. The solar cell C2 peaks between 600 and 1160nm range, which indicates the efficient trapping of light. However, reference cell has the less quantum efficiency show sharp as compare to cells C1 and C3. The overall quantum efficiency is found to be increased between the 700 to 1160nm wavelength range. The quantum efficiency clearly exposes the light absorption enhancement of the light trapping structure in certain wavelength range only. The different solar cell structure shows the highest performances and their relative efficiency was achieved up to 60%, it is compared to the reference cell. Figure 4 J-V characteristics for solar cells with different back structures The figure 4 shows the short circuit current versus voltage characteristics of four designed solar cells. The highest short circuit current can be absorbed for cell C2, C3 and C1 respectively. The short circuit current enhancement factors are 21mA/cm2, 53.8mA/cm2 and 60.5mA/cm2. The overall short circuit current of DBR with grating structure got more enhancements (~60%). Table-I shows the short circuit current, open circuit Voltage, relative enhancement factor and cell efficiency of different solar cell structures. Table-1 The comparison of optical characteristics of C-Si solar cell with different back structures with reference structure All the back structures are improved the cell efficiencies as shown in table I. The open circuit voltage (VOC= 0.7V) and the fill factor (FF=84.5%) are similar to all the structures. The back reflectors showing significant enhancement as evidenced by figure 3. Figure 5 The efficiency enhancement of c-Si solar cells with different structures The characteristic of different back reflector with active region and their enhanced efficiency as shown in figure 5. The combination of periodic grating and DBR structure indicates 60% enhancement, while aluminum with grating structure indicates 53.4% enhancement, it is compared to bare silicon or without any reflector on the back surface. It is simulated as a compare to the perfect periodic cell structure. Conclusion In conclusion, we proposed new photonic light trapping structure and the numerical simulations indicate that this combined photonic structure is capable of improving the cell efficiency by more than 55% for thin film silicon solar cell structure. We investigated the mechanism for an efficient light trapping structure for thin film solar cells using FDTD method. At wavelength range between 400 to 1200nm, we got stronger absorption peaks for silicon with metal and grating. The efficiency also increased, it is much more considerable. These results are providing a path to achieve low cost and strong efficiency enhancement for thin film silicon solar cell. Integrated of self assembled alumina and DBR for more light trapping in silicon photo voltaic (PV) devices. The high efficiency solar cell will be greatly more evident for smaller cell thickness and improved their absorption. Further, we will get more cell efficiency using metal nano sphere and texture the grating structure. Reference [1] L.Zhao, Y.H.Zuo, C.L.Zhou, H.L.Li, H.W. Diao and W.J.Wang, A highly efficient light trapping structure for thin film silicon solar cells, Solar energy 84 (2010) 110-115. [2] Krc. J, Zeman, M, Luxembourg, SL Topic, M.Modulated photonic-crystal structures as broad band back reflectors in thin-film solar cells.Applied Physics Letters, (2009), 94(15), 153501-153501-3. [3] Lord RayleighSec. R. S. On the maintenance of vibrations by forces of double frequency, and on the propagation of waves through a medium endowed with a periodic structure, Vol. 24, issue 147, (1887), 145-159. [4] A. Taflove, S.C. Hagness, Computational Electrodynamics, 2nd ed., Artech House, Norwood, MA, 2000. [5] A.F. Oskooi, D.Roundy, M. Ibanescu, P.Bermel, J. D. Joannpoulos, S.G. Johnson, Computer Physics Communications 181 (2010) 687. [6] Xing sheng, steven G. Johnson, Lirong Z. Broderick, Jurgen Michel and Lionel C. Kimerling, Integrated photonic structures for light trapping in thin film Si solar cells, Applied Physics Letters 100 (2012), 111110. [7] L.Zeng, Y.Yi, C.Hong, J.Liu, N.Feng, X.Duan and L.C. Kimerling, Efficiency enhancement in Si solar cells by textured photonic crystal back reflector, Applied Physics Letters 89 (2006), 111111.